Exercise 8-3: _flushbuf, fflush and fclose

Design and write _flushbuf, fflush, and fclose.

Use them in a program that copies its standard input to a file out.txt with putc, opened with fopen("out.txt", "w"), then closes it with fclose; appends the line -- to it, opening it with "a"; then copies out.txt to the standard output with getc and putchar, calls fflush(stdout), and finally writes [end] and a newline with write(1, ...).

The book's input library from Section 8.5, put together and corrected so it compiles: NULL comes from <stdlib.h>, _EOF_ERR is _EOF | _ERR, and the feof, ferror and stderr initializer typos are fixed. It replaces <stdio.h>, so don't include that.

#include <stdlib.h>   /* malloc, NULL */
#include <fcntl.h>    /* open, O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY */
#include <unistd.h>   /* read, write, close, lseek */

#define EOF       (-1)
#define BUFSIZ    1024
#define OPEN_MAX  20    /* max #files open at once */

typedef struct _iobuf {
    int  cnt;       /* characters left */
    char *ptr;      /* next character position */
    char *base;     /* location of buffer */
    int  flag;      /* mode of file access */
    int  fd;        /* file descriptor */
} FILE;
extern FILE _iob[OPEN_MAX];

#define stdin   (&_iob[0])
#define stdout  (&_iob[1])
#define stderr  (&_iob[2])

enum _flags {
    _READ   = 01,   /* file open for reading */
    _WRITE  = 02,   /* file open for writing */
    _UNBUF  = 04,   /* file is unbuffered */
    _EOF    = 010,  /* EOF has occurred on this file */
    _ERR    = 020   /* error occurred on this file */
};

int _fillbuf(FILE *);
int _flushbuf(int, FILE *);

#define feof(p)     (((p)->flag & _EOF) != 0)
#define ferror(p)   (((p)->flag & _ERR) != 0)
#define fileno(p)   ((p)->fd)

#define getc(p)   (--(p)->cnt >= 0 \
               ? (unsigned char) *(p)->ptr++ : _fillbuf(p))
#define putc(x,p) (--(p)->cnt >= 0 \
               ? *(p)->ptr++ = (x) : _flushbuf((x),p))

#define getchar()   getc(stdin)
#define putchar(x)  putc((x), stdout)

#define PERMS 0666    /* RW for owner, group, others */

FILE *fopen(char *name, char *mode)
{
    int fd;
    FILE *fp;

    if (*mode != 'r' && *mode != 'w' && *mode != 'a')
        return NULL;
    for (fp = _iob; fp < _iob + OPEN_MAX; fp++)
        if ((fp->flag & (_READ | _WRITE)) == 0)
            break;        /* found free slot */
    if (fp >= _iob + OPEN_MAX)   /* no free slots */
        return NULL;

    if (*mode == 'w')
        fd = creat(name, PERMS);
    else if (*mode == 'a') {
        if ((fd = open(name, O_WRONLY, 0)) == -1)
            fd = creat(name, PERMS);
        lseek(fd, 0L, 2);
    } else
        fd = open(name, O_RDONLY, 0);
    if (fd == -1)         /* couldn't access name */
        return NULL;
    fp->fd = fd;
    fp->cnt = 0;
    fp->base = NULL;
    fp->flag = (*mode == 'r') ? _READ : _WRITE;
    return fp;
}

/* _fillbuf:  allocate and fill input buffer */
int _fillbuf(FILE *fp)
{
    int bufsize;

    if ((fp->flag&(_READ|_EOF|_ERR)) != _READ)
        return EOF;
    bufsize = (fp->flag & _UNBUF) ? 1 : BUFSIZ;
    if (fp->base == NULL)     /* no buffer yet */
        if ((fp->base = (char *) malloc(bufsize)) == NULL)
            return EOF;       /* can't get buffer */
    fp->ptr = fp->base;
    fp->cnt = read(fp->fd, fp->ptr, bufsize);
    if (--fp->cnt < 0) {
        if (fp->cnt == -1)
            fp->flag |= _EOF;
        else
            fp->flag |= _ERR;
        fp->cnt = 0;
        return EOF;
    }
    return (unsigned char) *fp->ptr++;
}

FILE _iob[OPEN_MAX] = {    /* stdin, stdout, stderr */
    { 0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, _READ, 0 },
    { 0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, _WRITE, 1 },
    { 0, (char *) 0, (char *) 0, _WRITE | _UNBUF, 2 }
};